你好呀,語法小探險家!
歡迎來到一個超級有趣的任務!今日,我哋會學一種好型嘅句子建構方法,叫做被動語態。唔使擔心,佢其實冇聽落咁難㗎!就好似一個魔法戲法咁,我哋可以將句子掉轉嚟講,令最重要嘅部分閃閃發光!
學識咗呢個,你嘅寫作能力就會變得更強大,就好似超級英雄揀啱超能力去完成任務一樣。準備好未?一齊嚟學啦!
咩係主動語態? (最常用嘅方式!)
首先,我哋一齊睇吓平時點樣寫句子。呢個叫做主動語態。
喺主動語態入面,主語 (即係做動作嘅人或者事物) 係主角。主語忙緊做啲嘢㗎!
我哋一齊睇吓例子啦:
The dog chased the ball. (隻狗追住個波。)
- 邊個做緊呢個動作呢? 隻狗呀! (隻狗就係我哋嘅主語)。
- 咩係動作呢? chased (追) (呢個就係我哋嘅動詞)。
- 咩嘢被追呢? 個波呀! (個波就係受詞)。
喺呢句句子入面,隻狗好活躍咁做緊嘢。所以我哋咪叫佢做主動語態囉。
以下係多幾個例子:
Maria eats the apple. (Maria食蘋果。) (Maria就係食嘢嘅主角)。
The students wrote stories. (學生們寫故事。) (學生們就係寫嘢嘅主角)。
重點筆記
喺主動語態入面,句子嘅結構通常係咁樣:
主語 (行動者) + 動詞 (動作) + 受詞 (接受者)。
歡迎嚟到被動語態! (聚焦喺受詞度!)
依家就係魔法戲法嘅時間喇!如果我哋想將受詞 (即係動作嘅接受者) 變成句子嘅主角,咁點算好呢?我哋就可以用被動語態喇!
當我哋想強調動作發生喺邊個或者咩嘢「身上」嘅時候,就會用到被動語態。
我哋試吓將第一句句子「反轉」啦:
The ball was chased by the dog. (個波被隻狗追住。)
睇吓發生咗咩事?依家,「個波」就係句子開頭嘅主角喇!個波冇做任何嘢;佢係「被動」嘅。個動作係發生喺佢「身上」嘅。
我哋試吓其他例子啦:
The apple is eaten by Maria. (個蘋果被Maria食咗。) (依家焦點去咗可憐嘅蘋果度!)
The stories were written by the students. (啲故事係由學生們寫嘅。) (依家啲故事就係主要話題喇!)
快速重溫區
主動語態: 集中講動作嘅執行者。
Leo painted the picture. (Leo畫咗幅畫。)
被動語態: 集中講動作嘅承受者。
The picture was painted by Leo. (幅畫係由Leo畫嘅。)
點樣建構被動語態句子 (秘密公式)
呢個部分聽落好似有少少複雜,但係唔使擔心!有一個簡單嘅步驟式公式可以將主動語態嘅句子變成被動語態。我哋一齊嚟試吓啦!
我哋用呢句主動語態嘅句子做例子啦:Anthony writes a poem. (Anthony寫詩。)
第一步:搵出受詞。
受詞就係接受動作嘅嘢。Anthony寫咗啲咩嘢呀?A poem (一首詩)。呢個就係我哋嘅受詞喇!
第二步:將受詞變成新嘅主語。
將受詞搬到句嘢最前面。
A poem... (一首詩...)
第三步:加一個「be」動詞。
你需要加一個助動詞,好似is、are、was 或者 were。因為Anthony「寫」(writes) 呢個動作係發生喺而家,我哋會用is。
A poem is... (一首詩係...)
第四步:改變主要動詞嘅形式。
主要動詞需要變成佢一個特別嘅形式,叫做「過去分詞」。"write"嘅過去分詞係"written"。
A poem is written... (一首詩被寫...)
第五步:加上「by」同埋原本嘅行動者 (可選擇性)。
為咗表示邊個做咗呢個動作,我哋可以加上「by」同埋原本嘅主語。邊個寫咗呢首詩呀?Anthony!
A poem is written by Anthony. (一首詩係由Anthony寫嘅。)
你成功喇!呢句係一句完美嘅被動語態句子!
我哋再試吓一句過去式嘅句子:Someone stole the computer. (有人偷咗部電腦。)
- 受詞: the computer (部電腦)
- 新主語: The computer... (部電腦...)
- 「be」動詞 (過去式): was
- 主要動詞 (過去分詞): stolen (偷咗)
- 最後嘅句子: The computer was stolen. (部電腦被偷咗。)
(喺呢個例子入面,我哋唔知道「某人」係邊個,所以就唔使加「by someone」喇。)
點解要用被動語態?
咁,點解我哋需要用到被動語態呢?佢對寫嘢同講嘢嘅人嚟講,係一個好好用嘅工具嚟㗎!
我哋會喺以下情況下用到被動語態:
- 我哋唔知邊個做咗呢個動作。
My bicycle was stolen last night. (我部單車琴晚畀人偷咗。) (我哋唔知個賊係邊個。) - 邊個做呢個動作並唔重要。
The windows are cleaned every Friday. (啲窗戶逢星期五都會被清洗。) (邊個清潔佢哋並唔重要,只係知道佢哋係乾淨嘅就得喇。) - 我哋想強調動作嘅承受者。
The first prize was won by our school! (頭獎係由我哋學校贏到㗎!) (個獎項先至係最令人興奮嘅消息!)
你知唔知呢?
被動語態喺新聞報導同科學書入面好常用。因為佢哋通常都係講「發生咗咩事」或者「發現咗啲咩」,而唔係邊個做嘅。例如:"A new planet was discovered." (「一個新行星被發現咗。」)
小心!常見錯誤
當你學習嘅時候,好容易犯一啲小錯誤。以下有幾點要留意呀!
錯誤一:漏咗「be」動詞 (is, was等等)。
- 錯嘅例子:The cake eaten by the boy.
- 啱嘅例子: The cake was eaten by the boy. (個蛋糕被個男仔食咗。)
錯誤二:用錯主要動詞嘅形式。
- 錯嘅例子:The song was sang by the choir.
- 啱嘅例子: The song was sung by the choir. (首歌由合唱團唱嘅。)
熟能生巧!你讀得同寫得愈多,就會愈容易發現同正確咁運用被動語態。你一定做得到㗎!
最後總結
各位小探險家,你哋做得太好喇!你哋學識咗被動語態嘅秘密喇。
- 主動語態:主語做動作。(The farmer grows corn. 農夫種玉米。)
- 被動語態:動作發生喺主語身上。(Corn is grown by the farmer. 玉米由農夫種植。)
- 記得呢個秘密公式:受詞 + 「be」動詞 + 過去分詞 (+ by 行動者)。
閱讀嘅時候,記得留意吓邊度有被動語態嘅句子呀。你會驚訝發現佢哋原來好常見㗎!