Information Technology (9626) | New and emerging technologies

Topic 13: New and Emerging Technologies (A-Level Core)

Hello and welcome to one of the most exciting topics in IT! This chapter isn't just theory; it’s about the future unfolding right now. We will explore the cutting-edge technologies that are transforming our world, from artificial intelligence to self-driving cars.

Understanding these concepts is crucial for Paper 3 (Advanced Theory), as it requires you to analyze the *impact* and *evaluation* of these technologies on society, business, and individuals. Don't worry if some terms seem complicated—we’ll break them down with simple examples!

13.1 Types of New and Emerging Technologies

New and emerging technologies are those recently developed or still being developed, and they are expected to have a significant effect on how we live and work. Let's look at the key types you need to know.

Artificial Intelligence (AI)

Definition: The capability of a machine to imitate intelligent human behavior, such as learning, problem-solving, and decision-making.
Analogy: Think of AI as teaching a computer to think and reason like a super-smart human employee.

• Examples: Virtual assistants (Siri, Alexa), recommendation systems (Netflix), complex fraud detection.

Augmented Reality (AR)

Definition: A technology that superimposes computer-generated images or information onto a user's view of the real world.
Example: When you use your phone camera to see how a new piece of furniture would look in your room, or games like Pokémon GO. The real world is still visible, but enhanced by digital elements.

Virtual Reality (VR)

Definition: A computer-generated simulation of a three-dimensional environment that can be interacted with in a seemingly real or physical way, typically using special electronic equipment like headsets.
Contrast to AR: VR completely immerses you in a digital world; AR keeps you in the real world but adds digital layers.

• Uses: Training simulations (pilots, surgeons), immersive gaming, virtual tours of properties.

Robotics

Definition: The field encompassing the design, construction, operation, and use of robots to perform complex, repetitive, or dangerous tasks automatically.
Examples: Automated assembly line arms in manufacturing, robotic vacuum cleaners, exploration rovers (Mars).

Computer-Assisted Translation (CAT)

Definition: Software tools that help human translators work more efficiently. This is different from machine translation (like Google Translate), as CAT relies on human expertise aided by technology (e.g., using translation memories and glossaries).

Holographic Imaging

Definition: A technique that enables the three-dimensional recording of light scattered from an object, which can then be reconstructed to form a 3D image.
Uses: Advanced medical scans, secure authentication features on credit cards, futuristic display technology.

Holographic and 4th Generation Optical Data Storage

Definition: Methods of storing vast amounts of data using light (lasers) to record information in three dimensions, offering much higher density than current DVDs or Blu-rays.

3D Printing (Additive Manufacturing)

Definition: The process of making a three-dimensional solid object from a digital file, typically by laying down successive layers of material.
Examples: Creating prototypes, bespoke medical implants, custom tools.

Vision Enhancement

Definition: Technologies designed to improve or restore sight, often going beyond the natural capabilities of the human eye.
Examples: Bionic eyes, smart contact lenses, advanced night-vision technology.

Wearable Computing

Definition: Electronic devices that are integrated into clothing or accessories and can be worn on the body.
Examples: Smartwatches, fitness trackers, heads-up displays (like Google Glass).

Blockchain Technology

Definition: A distributed, decentralized, public or private ledger that records transactions across many computers so that the record cannot be altered retroactively without the alteration of all subsequent blocks and the consensus of the network.
The 'Chain' Trick: Think of it as a super-secure, shared digital notebook where every new page (block) is securely linked to the one before it.

Internet of Things (IoT)

Definition: A network of physical devices ('things') embedded with sensors, software, and other technologies that connect and exchange data with other devices and systems over the internet.
Examples: Smart thermostats, connected security cameras, industrial sensors monitoring factory floor conditions.

Molecular Data Storage

Definition: Storing data at the molecular or even atomic level (for example, using DNA strands). This offers extremely high density, meaning a huge amount of data can be stored in a very small space.

Autonomous Transport Systems (ATS)

Definition: Vehicles and systems that are capable of navigating and operating without human input.
Examples: Self-driving cars/automobiles, delivery drones, autonomous ships, and aircraft.

13.2 Impact of New and Emerging Technologies

These technologies aren't just cool gadgets; they fundamentally change how different groups operate. The syllabus requires you to analyse this impact across several key sectors.

Impact on Individuals

• Efficiency: Daily tasks (e.g., grocery ordering via AI assistants, automatic home temperature control via IoT) become faster and more convenient.
• Information Access: AR can provide instant, contextual information (e.g., historical facts overlayed on a landmark).
• Personal Health: Wearable computing tracks vital signs, encouraging better fitness and providing early warnings for health issues.
• Social Interaction: VR/AR offers new ways to socialize and game, but may also lead to intellectual isolation if overused.

Impact on Organisations (Businesses and Governments)

• Increased Productivity: Robotics and AI automate repetitive tasks, leading to faster output and fewer human errors.
• Supply Chain Transparency: Blockchain offers verifiable records of goods, eliminating fraud and improving trust.
• Data Management: New storage techniques (molecular) allow governments and large corporations to archive massive datasets reliably.
• Reduced Costs: Autonomous transport systems (delivery drones) can lower labour and fuel costs for logistics companies.

Impact on Medicine and Healthcare

This area is highly specific in the syllabus—make sure you cover all these points!

• Patient Care and Monitoring: Wearable sensors continuously track patient vitals outside of a hospital setting (telemedicine).
• Development of Prosthetics and Medical Products: 3D printing allows for quick, low-cost, and highly customised production of prosthetic limbs.
• Tissue Engineering: 3D bioprinting can potentially create replacement organs or tissues.
• Artificial Blood Vessels: Research into manufacturing synthetic vessels using advanced technology.
• Design of Medical Tools and Equipment: AI and VR used to prototype and test new surgical instruments.

Did you know? Many surgeons now use VR simulations to practice complex operations before they ever step into an operating theatre.

Impact on Scientific Research

• Data Handling: Molecular data storage is crucial for managing the terabytes of data generated by scientific experiments (e.g., genetics).
• Advanced Modelling: AI and machine learning algorithms can analyse complex patterns in climate data or astronomical observations far faster than humans.
• Complex Simulations: VR/AR environments allow researchers to visualise complex atomic or molecular structures in 3D.

Impact on the Environment

Emerging tech has both positive uses and negative side effects on the planet.

• E-waste: The constant need for newer, faster devices (like VR headsets or IoT sensors) accelerates the generation of electronic waste.
• Recycling: Robotics are used to sort and process complex materials in recycling plants more efficiently.
• Power Consumption: While some tech (like IoT) can monitor and reduce energy use in buildings, the vast server farms needed for AI and blockchain consume enormous amounts of energy.
• Manufacturing Processes: 3D printing can reduce material waste in manufacturing compared to traditional subtractive methods.
• Energy from Wireless Signals: Research into harvesting ambient energy from radio or Wi-Fi signals to power small IoT devices.

13.3 Advantages and Disadvantages (Evaluation)

When evaluating any new technology, you must consider both the potential benefits and the risks.

Advantages of New and Emerging Technologies

• Increased Efficiency and Speed: Automation via robotics and AI drastically speeds up production and data processing (e.g., manufacturing).
• Enhanced Safety: ATS and robotics can perform dangerous tasks, removing humans from hazardous environments (e.g., deep-sea inspection, nuclear maintenance).
• Global Connectivity and Accessibility: Wearables and IoT devices connect remote locations and provide vital data access (e.g., telemedicine in rural areas).
• Customisation: 3D printing allows for highly customised products, like bespoke hearing aids or dental aligners.
• Solving Complex Problems: AI and advanced data storage enable breakthroughs in medicine and climate research that were previously impossible.

Disadvantages of New and Emerging Technologies

• High Initial Cost: Implementing technologies like VR training facilities, robotics, or complex AI systems requires significant financial investment.
• Job Displacement: Automation (AI and Robotics) leads to concerns about job losses in sectors relying on repetitive labour.
• Security and Privacy Risks: The massive network of IoT devices creates more entry points for cyberattacks, and the data they collect raises serious privacy concerns.
• Ethical Issues: AI raises dilemmas about responsibility and bias (e.g., whose fault is it if a self-driving car crashes?).
• System Reliance: Excessive dependency on complex systems means a failure can cause catastrophic disruptions (e.g., an entire smart factory relies on interconnected IoT systems).
• Skills Gap: Employees require constant retraining to manage and maintain these complex new systems.